The Library and Information Science Field

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The chart below is a very simplified and abbreviated overview of the scope of the field, delineated in terms of settings where information work is performed, for whom, and for what purpose. Succeeding pages give you an idea of how the range of occupations within the field can be described, some views of the knowledge base of the field, and some miscellaneous ruminations. This section of the packet, as they say of web pages, is very much "under construction!"

When you look at the long list of specializations, practice settings, and professional associations, you begin to realize how diverse and fragmented this field can be. This state of affairs is both an asset and a hazard: On the one hand, you have a wide arena in which to find your own particular niche, but on the other hand, it will be hard to define your profession to an outsider!

Until recently, one of the most significant fissures was between librarianship and information science. The former was tied to institutional affiliations and focused on a subject or a client group, whereas the latter tended to revolve first around technology and then around information as entity. One definition of information science states:

IS is centered on the representation, storage, transmission, selection (retrieval, filtering), and the use of documents and messages, where documents and messages are created for use by humans. Interest extends outwards in many directions because of the need to understand the contextual, institutional, methodological, technological, and theoretical as pects. [Michael K. Buckland and Ziming Liu, "History of Information Science" in Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, vol. 30, 1995, p.385.]

This definition pretty well describes our MLS curriculum, so you can see why some of us feel that the erstwhile gulf between librarians and information scientists is fast disappearing! We are all interested basically in the same phenomena -- but the emphases and contexts will vary.

Typical LIS Professional Practice Settings

Be sure to scroll to the right to see the entire chart!

  Academic Libraries Public Libraries School Libraries Special Libraries Consortia/Library Systems Information Industry
Types Research, generally large public or private universities; 4-year colleges; 2-year/junior/community; professional schools; technical institutes Large urban, central research libraries and branches; regional systems; suburban; small town; rural Public and private elementary, middle/junior, high schools; teacher resource centers Corporate, government, nonprofit, by field,e.g.,biotechnology, insurance, finance, law, medicine, art; by type,e.g., foundation, corp HQ, R&D..Service agencies for cooperative automation, document delivery, cataloging, etc.; bibliographic utilities, e.g. OCLC and RLIN Database producers, publishers, jobbers, subscription agencies, document delivery services, information brokers, automation vendors
Clienteles Undergraduate and graduate students; faculty; public, if tax-supported Residents of all ages; others through courtesy or contractual arrangements School age youth; teachers and school administratorsEmployees of the parent organization; members; in some cases, public Libraries Libraries; other information providers
Mission Support curriculum and research; help students gain information literacy Meet the informational, educational, and cultural needs of the community Ensure that students and staff are effective users of information Provide information that parent organization needs to meet its objectives Enable libraries to share resources and expertise Provide services and make a profit
Professional
Qualifications
Larger libraries prefer MLS + subject master's; all want public service staff with electronic resources and BI expertise; for tech services languages are a plus. Generalists and/or specialists, depending on size; good management/communication skills. In NJ, must be licensed by state. For civil service municipalities, must pass exams. In NJ, must have ed media certification, i.e., MLIS+teaching certificate OR MLIS+ed courses+experience. Most schools have only one librarian so s/he must be jack-of-all-trades: reference, cataloging, BI, automation... Subject knowledge often essential. Many libraries have only one professional, so that person must be able to do everything and prove cost-effectiveness.In addition to technical expertise, needs negotiation skills, understanding of all types of libraries The industry hires MLS holders not only for their technical knowledge, but also for their ability to relate to libraries. Some jobs need training skills, others indexing or marketing
Professional
Affiliations
ALA-ACRL, etc.; ARL; scholarly societies ALA-PLA, etc.; state association; Urban Libraries CouncilALA-AASL, etc.; state ed media and teachers' associations; AECT SLA; ALA; others depending on field, e.g., Medical Library Association, ARLIS/NA ALA, ASIS, state associations Information Industry Association, Association of American Publishers, ASIS, ALA
Advantages Academic environment; faculty status, free tuition in some cases. If tenure granted, high security. Variety; fairly swift advancement for talented and mobile; security with seniority Can have a significant impact on a school; good hours; usually good salary Possible to hone subject expertise, give tailored, in-depth info service Opportunity for leadership and innovation Alternative career path; may offer chance to travel and widen contacts
Disadvantages If tenure-track, may have to publish, etc. Advanced degree may be required. Hours may include nights, weekends; clientele may be a challenge; budgets may be inadequate Isolation as only librarian in a school; can lack administrative, clerical support Must subscribe to values of parent organization; can be isolated; little job security Removed from the library; can be caught in others' political/budget fights Bottom line rules; low job security


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